英语句子中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句。
(一)简单句中的省略
在对话中,交谈双方都知道谈论的对象,则可以省略主语,省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现得很多。
This way,please.请这边来。
Sounds like a good idea.听起来是个好主意。
Beg your pardon.请再说一遍好吗。
(二)并列句中的省略
在并列句中,相同的成分如主语、谓语、宾语等都可以省略:
They learn French and we English.他们学法语,我们学英语。
My father planned and built all these houses.
我的父亲规划并建造了所有的房子。
John won the first race and Jimmy the second.
约翰在第一轮比赛获胜,吉米在第二轮获胜。
(三)复合句中的省略
1.定语从句:
That’s the reason(why)he is late for the conference.
这就是他参加会议迟到的原因。
I don’t like the way(in which)he talks.我不喜欢他说话的方式。
2.状语从句:
If(it is)heated,water will boil.加热的话,水就开了。
We’ll go to help you if(it is)necessary.需要的话,我们就帮你。
3.宾语从句:
We will do what we can(do)to help you.我们会尽力帮你的。
—Is Mr King in his office?金先生在办公室吗?
—Sorry,I don’t know(whether he is in his office or not).抱歉,我不知道。
(四)动词不定式的省略
1.在动词不定式结构中,为了避免重复,常省略不定式结构中的动词原形,只保留to。如:
—Would you like to go with us?你愿意和我们一起去吗?
—I’m glad to,but I have to finish my homework.
我想去,但我必须完成我的作业。
Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you don’t want to.
如果你不愿意就不用告诉我水手的名字。
2.在used to,ought to,have to,would like/love to,wish to,be going to等结构中,常常省略to后面的动词原形。
They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.
他们没有经常去看他们的父母。
He doesn’t get up early as he used to.他不像往常那样起得那么早。
I’ll hand it in if I have to.如果必须的话我会交上去的。
3.tell,warn,order,advise,ask等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时,可省略to后面的动词原形。
He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.
他想游过这条河,但我警告他不要这样做。
The boy wanted to play football in the street,but his mother told him not to.那男孩想在街上踢足球,他妈妈告诉他不要这样做。
(五)虚拟语气中if的省略
虚拟条件句中有were,had,should时,可把if省略,而把were,had,should放在主语前,用倒装结构。如:
Were it necessary,I might resign.═If it were necessary,I might resign.
如果需要的话,我会辞职。
Had you informed me earlier,I would not have signed the contract.═If you had informed me earlier,I would not have signed the contract.
如果你通知得早一些的话,我就不会签这个合同了。
Should I have time,I would call on her.═If I should have time,I would call on her.
如果我有时间,我会跟她打电话。