2002年,在高一、高二英语教材第13单元到第20单元的学习过程中,学生学习了较多的词句,而缺少应用和实践。为此,我就地取材,基于校园环境,贴近学习生活背景,以单元中的语句为依托提炼知识要点,从口头复习引出文本词句,将所提炼的知识要点作为书面表达的核心词汇和短语,借此设计书面表达内容,使学生学以致用。课堂上,学生从口头讲述过渡到以笔端写出,向全市的听课教师汇报读、说、写英语的情况。
第一,提炼语言要素,从教材的阅读文本中提炼语句,为表达作铺垫。
①China lies in the east of Asian.
②Canada covers six of the world's 24 times areas.
③This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made of vast oceans.
④The case of Professor Stephen Hawking is one example of the many disabled people who have achieved success in their chosen field of work.
⑤Which group of people did King support?How much success did he have?
⑥He's doing very well in the navy.
第二,提炼知识要点,遣词造句,铺垫表达基础。学生从所复习的语句中提取lie、cover、be made of、achieve success、have success、do well in等语言素材,进行口头、笔头遣词造句并导出;以“My School”为主题,按照写作内容,运用知识要点,融入思想感情,完成书面表达任务。
第三,贴近学习背景,设计书面表达。
【书面表达】假如你是韩英,在广州某中学读书,外国朋友艾美、加妮和英格前来参观你校。艾美请你写一篇介绍学校的英语短文。请参考以下信息。
第四,教学语境化,表达多元化。这篇书面表达以“My School”为主题设计,融合单元词句和语法知识等,贴近学校背景命题,以展开课堂实践活动。学生运用笔端呈现校园中师生的风貌,在抒发对学校情怀和对教师感情的同时,完成语言知识的输出,优化语言知识,完成表达任务。
【学生习作】
My School
I'm a student named Han Ying from Licheng Middle School.I'm glad to tell you something about our school.Our school is(lies/is situated/is located) at the foot of Jiaoshi Hills in the east of Zengcheng City and covers(has/spreads)an area of 5334 square meters.
Our school was built(set up/founded/established)in September,1996.At present,there are two classroom buildings and four dormitory ones.Two apartment buildings have been built(set up/completed)on the left of the school gate.And inside the school a new teaching building is under construction.
At present,there are 114 teachers and 1659 students in our school.The school is made up of(consists of/has) 29 classes.For these years,both teachers and students have been strict in their work and study.They have achieved great success(have had much success/have been very successful/have done well)in both their work and study.I dare say our school is getting better and more beautiful.
【分析】从学生习作中不难发现,学生根据背景和信息要点,参照从教材中学得的“位于(lie)”“占有(面积)(cover)”“组成(be made up of)”“取得成绩(have success in、do well in)”等语言素材,结合上下文语境中的逻辑关系和语境特点,运用了be situated、located at、have/spread an area of、be made up of、consist of/have/there be、achieve great success/have much success、be very successful等类似短语,在表达时还使用了更贴切的词汇和短语,如be built/set up/founded/established、under construction等,由此使书面表达达到“1+1>2”的语言表达效果。
从学生的语言表达中可以看到,词与句这两个重要的语言“元件”,在大脑语言思维的作用下构成千差万别的句子;在语言结构的框架下组词造句,构成段落;各段落之间按一定的语言表达方式和语言规则构成有血有肉、表情达意、有始有终的英语短文。
多年来,英语书面表达大多是依据词句功能和语篇衔接手段,贴近考查对象所处的背景来选材命题的,以此让学生运用语言知识,完成书面表达。
不难发现,英语表达是一种语言思维转化中知识与技能融会、语言与情感交互的统合性过程。读是语言的输入,写是语言的输出,二者在语言学习中相辅相成、相得益彰。学生一般通过阅读吸收语言,碰撞思想火花,激活语言思维。基于阅读文本设计而成的书面表达,可以帮助学生运用合适的词句完成书面表达。书面表达的设计原则是,尽量以极少的汉语提供足够的信息,激发学生的联想,使学生活用词法和句法,在英汉语言思维的转化中通过联想构思主题,完成书面表达。